REALWorld Law

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

The taxes applicable to real estate transfer transaction are: Capital Gains Tax (CGT), Stamp Duties. 

Capital gains realised on the sale of real property is subject to CGT and payable by the seller of real estate. The rate under the Capital Gains Tax Act is 10% of the gains from the sales..

It is noteworthy that rollover relief can be claimed where proceeds of disposal are used to purchase a new asset of the same class within 12 months before or after the disposal of the old asset. The classes of the assets eligible for relief include Buildings and Landed property (Class 1 Assets). Stamp duty is chargeable either at fixed rates or ad valorem (ie in proportion to the value of the consideration) depending on the class of instrument All deeds or instruments for transfers of interests in real property are required to be stamped under the Stamp Duties Act and the purchaser or assignee is responsible for this payment. The Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) assessed rates for stamping of transfer documents for is 1.5% for transactions involving a corporate entity.

A different tax regime and rates apply to transfer transactions where individuals are parties and the rates vary within the 36 States in Nigeria. In Lagos State, the rates payable for CGT and Stamp Duties is currently 0.5% each of the property value.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

VAT is not chargeable on the sale of real property, including buildings which are developments on land, and this is specifically excluded from the definition of goods subject to VAT payment.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

A combination of land charges, such as ground rents, tenement rates, Neighbourhood Improvement Charges, Business Premises Charges apply to properties at different rates across Nigeria. The responsibility for these payments is on the owner and occupier of the premises and ought to be paid to Government before a transfer of the interests to the purchaser otherwise, it becomes the responsibility of the purchaser or assignee to make the payment on any outstanding charges after transfer.

The Land Use Act provides that the Governor of a State where a property is located shall give consent for a transfer of the interests in the property to be valid. The transactions in which Governor’s consent is needed include sale of land, mortgage, leaseetc. Payment of a consent fee may be made conditional on the granting of the consent or made antecedent of the grant. The rate chargeable as consent fee depends on the scale adopted in a particular state but is mostly between 3–5% of the consideration paid on the property transaction. Failure to pay consent fee will make the alienation of interest voidable.

The Registration Fee is required to be paid under the various land instrument registration laws of the States before documents are registered. The property sought to be registered may be valued or revaluated by the director of lands or other valuers to determine the amount payable, and not necessarily the amount stated by the parties in the document sought to be registered.

The purchaser is responsible for ensuring that all required costs and taxes for consent and registration of the transferred interests are paid.

The fees for the Solicitors and other professional consultants including estate surveyors and agents also arise in transfer of property transactions.

The purchaser is usually responsible for the payment of the transaction costs and the taxes except where expressly agreed by the parties that the costs and taxes are to be shared by the parties.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

The recurring taxes outside the transfer costs that are payable by an owner of real estate are the annual charges for land use which includes ground rents, tenement rates and such other levies for development and business premises which the government authorities impose on owners and occupiers of real property. The rates are uniformly imposed on properties depending on locations and the nature of the building developments.

The Taxes and Levies (Approved List for Collection) Act 1998, provides for state governments to charge and collect business premises registration fee and development levy, annually from property owners. Also, the Personal Income Tax (Amendment) Act and the Companies Income Tax Act, provides that rental payable to the owner of a property is subject to Withholding tax and imposes an obligation on the person paying rent to withhold 10% for remittance to the tax authority and collect a tax credit note in favour of the owner of the property to offset its final tax liability for the year assessment. We note that withholding tax is not charged on rental income or dividends due to a real estate investment company.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

Professional fees of solicitors, property managers, estate agents and such other consultants engaged by the owner of real estate are payable by the owner. The owner is also responsible for maintenance of external structures and parts of the building.

Where the owner is the sole occupier of the property, the costs for services and utilities consumed in the property are payable by the owner. Also, the building insurance costs are the responsibility of the owner.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

The most common income from ownership of real estate are rental payments made by tenants, lessees and licensees of the property and capital gains or profits arising from the sale of the property.

The owner of property will also derive income from the business operations conducted within the premises whether providing hotel, hospitality, leisure, recreational and such facilities that permit users to pay a fee.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

The income from real estate is subject to the applicable tax laws and rates in the country. A company that owns real estate pays income tax from the profits on the rent based on the applicable rates under the Companies Income Tax Act Cap C21 LFN 2004 (as amended). The income of an individual owner of real estate is also taxed based on the Personal Income Tax (Amendment) Act 2011. The income tax rates for companies are up to a maximum 30%  depending on turnover of the company in the relevant period and for individuals, between 7% and 24%.

Please note that based on the provisions of Section 40 of the Companies Income Tax Act and Section 16(c) of the Finance Act, 2020,  small companies with an annual turnover of less than NGN 25 million are required to file their returns, reflecting the zero rates while a lower income tax rate of 20% applies to medium-sized companies with an annual turnover of between NGN 25 million and NGN 100 million.  The maximum income tax rate of 30% is applicable to companies with an annual turnover of above NGN 100 million.

Furthermore, medium- and large-sized companies are entitled to a bonus of 2% and 1% of tax payable respectively, for early payment of income tax.

By the provisions of the Finance Act 2019 and the Federal Inland Revenue Service Circular on taxation of Real Estate Investment Companies, rental or dividend income due to real estate investment companies (duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission) are exempt from company income tax where at least 75% of the income is to be distributed to its shareholders within 12 months following the financial year end. The rentals and dividends of a Real Estate Investment Company are exempt from withholding tax. However, withholding tax is applicable on any further distribution to the shareholders of the real estate investment company.

The owner of a property on whose behalf withholding tax deductions were made from rental income and remitted to the appropriate tax authorities is entitled to utilize the tax credit note thereof to offset the income tax liabilities for the year.

The Finance Act 2021 expanded the definition of Real Estate Investment Companies to include Real Estate Unit Trust and it also provides that withholding tax which had been deducted from interest payments to unit trusts and paid to the FIRS would be the final tax due from such unit trust.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

Withholding taxes at the rate of 10% apply on the dividends or distributable profits paid out to shareholders of a Real Estate Investment company or partners in a partnership. The individual shareholders or partners are subject to payment of personal income tax under the Personal Income Tax Act and may apply the withholding tax deductions made from their incomes as tax credit. It is noteworthy that Withholding tax will not apply to any distributions made to a Real Estate Investment Company itself.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

Costs may accrue as fees payable to professional consultants engaged by the real estate owner or to suppliers for supplies and other services rendered and pertaining to the property.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

No additional costs apply in this regard.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

Capital Gains Tax is payable by the seller upon assessment at the Lands Bureau; Stamp Duty is calculated ad valorem and is also payable by the purchaser. Land Use Charges that are outstanding are payable by the purchaser before the registration of the interests in real property. Consent fee and registration fees apply for the registration of the title at the relevant State Lands Registry Offices.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025

How can investment in real estate by an individual/organization/company be set up?

Professional fees of Solicitors

The fees are either based on the scale of charges provided in the Legal Practitioners (Remuneration for Legal Documentation and Other Land Matters) Order 1991. This specifies the rates for solicitor’s charges; or by agreement of the parties based on the total value of the transaction.

Agency fees to the estate surveyors and valuers handling the sale

The fees are negotiated based on a percentage of the value of the property, fees for advertisement may also be payable if separate from the agency fee.

Surveyors’ fee for a survey plan of the property

A survey plan of the property is required for privately owned properties.

It should be noted that the Lagos State Real Estate Regulatory Authority Law 2021 which regulates the activities of registered real estate professionals in Lagos State has provided that where two or more duly certified real estate professionals are retained by the owner/vendor in the sale or purchase of a building, such persons may not charge more than 15% of the total proceeds of such sale or purchase.

Last modified 13 Mar 2025