Does a special set of laws apply to the transfer of title to any of the following types of real estate: residential, industrial, offices, retail and hotels?
No. The above mentioned laws apply to all.
No, there are no federal laws regulating the transfer of property aside from the Civil and Commercial Code.
The laws applying to transfer of title do not differ based on the nature of the real estate involved.
However, each Australian state and territory has legislation which can have an impact on the form and content of sale and purchase agreements depending on the nature of the property involved.
No.
However, depending on the location of the real estate, ie the Flemish, Walloon or Brussels Capital Region, different environmental regulations apply. The location will also affect the applicable registration duties regime and the activities that can be conducted on the property according to zoning regulations.
In general, the civil law regime applies to the transfer of all types of real estate.
Rural properties have a specific set of laws.
The general laws applying to transfer of title do not differ based on the nature of the real estate involved. However, each province or territory may have laws which impact the form and content of agreements of purchase and sale or impose disclosure requirements, taxes or other requirements with respect to the conveyance of certain kinds of real property.
For example, in some jurisdictions, vendors of real estate that has been used for certain industrial or commercial purposes must provide an environmental site profile to prospective purchasers.
No, the laws governing the transfer of real estate do not differentiate between different types of real estate.
No. The laws on the transfer of title apply to all types of property.
No. However, some real estate cannot be purchased by foreign investors, including agricultural land, forests and areas of natural beauty.
No. The general system of legal regulation applies.
The Danish Land Registration Act, dated 30 September 2014, apply to the transfer of title to real estate and includes the formal requirements for registration for title in the Land Register.
The Consumer Protection in the Purchase of Real Estate Act, dated 22 September 2015, applies to purchase agreements where the real estate is primarily being used for residential purposes for the seller or where the real estate is mainly intended the buyer means to use the real estate primarily for residential purposes for the buyer. The law does not apply to undeveloped properties, properties where construction has begun but has not yet been completed or to real estate that is required to be used for agricultural purposes (unless the purchase agreement is conditional on the agricultural obligation being cancelled).
The Real Estate Agency Act, dated 24 February 2021, applies to commercial offer and sale of real estate, commercial procurement and the purchase and sale of real estate and other commercial advice regarding the sale of real estate when such activities are aimed at or conducted on behalf of consumers.
The Valuation of Real Estate Act, dated 8 December 2023, applies to public valuation of all real estate in Denmark.
Different legal regimes apply to transfers of title to different kinds of real estate and there are a number of different tax regimes. There are no specific provisions linked to the industrial, office or retail sectors.
No. The laws on the transfer of title apply to all types of property in Germany.
No.
There are certain restrictions and prohibitions on the acquisition of arable land by foreigners and a general prohibition on the acquisition of arable land by legal entities, whether foreign or domestic.1
In addition, ministerial approval is required in order to transfer the ownership of historical building forming part of national wealth; to encumber historical building being part of state property, to exploit, or to appoint asset manager of state-owned historical building.2
Non-EU citizens and legal entities may acquire real estate only with the consent of the competent administrative office.3
Furthermore, the transfer of protected buildings (eg historical or cultural heritage buildings) as well as state and municipally owned buildings is also subject to certain restrictions.4
1Act CXXII of 2013, 9.§ (1), 10.§ (1) ; Gov.decree 251/2014
2Act LXIV of 2001, 44.§ (1)
3Government Decree 251/2014 on the Acquisition by Foreigners of Real Estate Other Than Agricultural and Forestry Land
4Act LXIV of 2001,, 86.§
A broad range of legislation affects property transactions in Ireland, including that covering:
In addition transfers of title to hotels, restaurants and pubs are subject to certain liquor licensing legislation.
The legislation that affects a property transaction should be considered on a case-by-case basis.
The regime for the transfer of title is the same, irrespective of the property’s use. Shorelines, beaches and waterways (such as harbours, waterfalls, lakes, rivers and other stretches of water defined as ‘public’ by the applicable law) are part of the Natural Domain (Demanio Naturale). Title to these assets is owned by the State of Italy and cannot be sold.
No. The legislation mentioned in the ‘Real estate legislation’ section applies to the transfer of all types of real estate.
No, except for residential real estate.
In a consumer sale of residential real estate, it is not allowed to derogate to the detriment of the buyer from articles 7:1-38 of the Civil Code (except for articles 7:12, 7:13 sentences 1 and 2, 7:26 and 7:35 of the Civil Code, as long as these derogations are not stipulated as general conditions), and in such sale there may be no limitations on, or exclusion of, the legal rights and remedies of the buyer for any failure in the performance of the obligations of the seller (article 7:6 Civil Code).
Generally no, with the main exception being the Overseas Investment Act 2005 applying to overseas persons acquiring "sensitive land" in New Zealand (see section on Overseas Restrictions).
The laws regulating transfer of interests in land apply generally to all categories of real estate.
No. The Alienation Act normally regulates the transfer of title to all types of real estate, although professional parties (companies, etc) may contract out of the Act.
No.
No. Generally, there is not a special set of laws for each of these types of real estate.
As a general rule, the Romanian legislation does not provide for separate rules differentiating between residential, industrial, retail properties, office buildings and hotels.
The transfer of flats/apartments and non-residential premises, such as office space, is subject to a special regime under the Act on Ownership of Apartments and Non-residential Premises. The Civil Code applies accordingly, together with a general set of laws covering all transactions.
The Act on the Leasing and Sub-leasing of Non-residential Premises does not apply to the transfer of non-residential premises but governs their letting and subletting.
No. In accordance with article 1255 of the Spanish Civil Code, the parties are free to agree the conditions of sale as long as they do not contravene any law or moral code, or pose a threat to public order.
Due to legislative changes, specific rights of pre-emption and approval do not apply as of 1 May 2010.
It should also be noted, however, that a co-operative building society may have a right of pre-emption over certain real estate. A tenant of land may also have a right of pre-emption if the tenancy is in the form of a residential ground lease or certain types of agricultural ground lease.
Regarding FDI, it is essential to evaluate and assess the business activities of the involved parties. For instance, investments in real estate that are engaged in essential societal functions, e.g. critical infrastructure, may be subject to the screening mechanism and necessitate notification to the authority.
No.
No, there is no specific set of laws applying to any one type of property in either Abu Dhabi or the Abu Dhabi Global Market free zone.
No. There are no specific laws applying to the transfer of properties according to their use.
For industrial real estate, offices, retail property and hotels, no.
With regard to residential property, different standards and procedures apply that give additional protection to residential buyers. The Government is continually increasing regulation in this area.
Not as such. However, contracts for the sale of commercial property tend to be drafted in a different way from contracts for the sale of residential property. Commercial property contracts are necessarily more complex. For example, a contract for the sale of an investment property will deal with:
Contracts for the sale/purchase of commercial property are therefore tailored to the specific requirements of the parties concerned.
Contracts for the sale of commercial property tend to be drafted in a different way from contracts for the sale of residential property. Residential contracts are moving towards a standardised approach which streamlines the process and provides for similar terms and conditions.
Different legal regimes apply to transfer of title depending on:
In such cases special laws apply, eg the Law of Ukraine ‘On the Privatization of State and Municipal Property’ No. 2269-VIII of 18 January 2018 and the Law of Ukraine ‘On the Privatization of the State Residential Fund’ No. 2482-XII of 19 June 1992.
Not generally, although certain state laws may be targeted at specific classes of property. For instance, special environmental disclosure laws apply in some states with respect to certain categories of industrial property and some states impose protections for the security deposits of residential tenants upon a transfer of title by their landlord. Additionally, almost all states have laws specific to the sale of residential properties, typically between end users and typically involving required disclosures by sellers.
There are no special laws that apply to the transfer of title in respect of a specific type of real estate. All transfer of title is done in accordance with the Deeds Registries Act [Chapter 20:05].
